Joseph,
Your experience is similar to almost all other teachers moving from face-to-face to online. The question, "How can you accommodate the void left in the online classroom, by not having a nonverbal cues once available in the face-to-face classroom?" Most teachers have found that many approaches are required to replace this vital communication lack. Using probing questions, seems to be one of the most helpful tools along with monitoring the posts and test grades. Have you had any specific experience/success with the questioning technique?
Dr. S. David Vaillancourt