Cynthia: Great example. Pretesting can give the student an idea what's ahaed if done at the beginning of a course, ans also illuminate to the teacher where adjustments may be needed in order to best teach that particular cohort. Another version is pretesting (ungraded) performed prior to grading (for credit). This method varies, but it can reveal deficiencies before they are recorded in a test. Your clinic example is yet another version. A fancy name for this is "inter-rater reliabilty", but really, it's just comparing to what degree do different individuals rate students. Very helpful. Regards, Barry