Terry, First off, understand I have a bias, because I teach and supervise classes that are medical. When the health and safety of patients are a consideration, I have an ethical obligation to be sure my students are safe, knowledgeable, and can apply their knowledge in a responsible manner. Unfortunately, I have to fail some students, even those who are close, due to falling a little (or a lot) short of demonstrating their proficiency and demonstrated competence. Many medical programs have proficiency where the student must achieve 100% or they do not pass. Perhaps in other classes where a persons health is not a consideration, the use of EC may be considered appropriate. Barry Westling